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The Hot Autumn (''autunno caldo'' in Italian) of 1969–1970 was a massive series of strikes in the factories and industrial centers of Northern Italy, during which workers demanded better pay and better conditions. Between 1969-1970 there were over 440 hours of strikes. The decrease in flow of labour migration from the South had resulted in nearly full employment levels in the North, meaning that the workforce now had the leverage to start flexing its muscles. Due to increased literacy levels and student discontent, students started agitating for reform and increased class consciousness. Workers joined in on this, and began to demand for an increase in pay. Many of them were being laid off because of increased efficiencies in factories. Not all of the workers demands for collective control were achieved, but more basic demands such as a 40-hour work week, and increased pay were.〔A History of Contemporary Italy: Society and Politics, 1943-1988 By Paul Ginsborg〕 The reasons for discontent varied - while the usual pay and conditions were a factor, tensions were increased by the fact that much of the workforce had migrated from the much poorer south. They were generally unhappy at the society that had forced them to leave their homes in search of work and wanted to get back at the employers who, in their view, had exploited them with low average wages for so many years. The phrase "hot autumn" has since been applied in the Italian press to describe other autumns with significant amounts of strikes. In the later years, such season strikes have more often been directed against the government's budget, planned and discussed during autumn months. ==See also== * Years of Lead * Workerism * Autonomism * Lotta Continua * Potere Operaio Similar periods in other countries around the same time: * Long Hot Summer of 1967 * Winter of Discontent * May 1968 in France 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hot Autumn」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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